A real top-k retrieval experiment: precision stays near-perfect up to a point, then collapses — the exact failure the “retrieve more for safety” advice hides.
We run a small, fully reproducible TF-IDF retrieval experiment across chunk sizes 10-100 words to test whether chunk size really affects RAG retrieval quality — then check the result against 2026 production benchmarks.
The core Python libraries you actually need to start doing data science, and when to reach for each one.
Building a Minimal Transformer From Scratch in PyTorch — and Comparing It With an RNN In the previous article, we explored the idea behind Transformers: instead of processing a sequence strictly one element at a time, a Transformer uses self-attention to model relationships between positions in that sequence. But understanding an architecture on paper and…
A hands-on guide to retrieval-augmented generation, from vector stores to production pipelines.