A real top-k retrieval experiment: precision stays near-perfect up to a point, then collapses — the exact failure the “retrieve more for safety” advice hides.
We run a small, fully reproducible TF-IDF retrieval experiment across chunk sizes 10-100 words to test whether chunk size really affects RAG retrieval quality — then check the result against 2026 production benchmarks.
The core Python libraries you actually need to start doing data science, and when to reach for each one.
This is a transformer from scratch in PyTorch build, compared directly against an RNN so the difference isn’t just theoretical. In the previous article, we explored the idea behind Transformers: instead of processing a sequence strictly one element at a time, a Transformer uses self-attention to learn which parts of that sequence matter to one…
A hands-on guide to retrieval-augmented generation, from vector stores to production pipelines.